If the page shows an "Attachment [NumberXY]" link, then that means the image was originally uploaded using vBulletin's attachment system, rather than VaultWiki's attachment system. I thought the importer was supposed to convert these automatically, so if you can find one, please send it my way and I'll have a look. If the editor is showing the images, but the page is not, the editor behavior is a bug that we will need to look into, since the editor should not show you things that won't work after you hit save.
To include wiki attachments from now on, you should have an editor button like this:

It should open a nice dialog where you can select images from a list, upload new ones, and choose various display options.
Regarding the import, I don't believe there were any errors related to misconfigurations. The only thing I ran into was that the installer skipped the step to create the wiki index page. I have not seen this occur before, I'm still investigating why that step may have been skipped.
There were a few compatibility issues with your version of PHP, but I patched them on VaultWiki's end and the related code seems to still work as expected. Some versions of PHP that are within our minimum requirements still have bugs that lead to unexpected behaviors or error messages.